Orthodontic root resorption; orthodontic tooth movement; clinical use of magnets in orthodontics; treatment of snoring and sleep apnoea using mandibular advancement splints; primary and secondary mini screw stability, functional orthopaedic appliances; biological effects of magnetic fields on wound healing, tooth movement, primary and secondary cartilage growth; constant and continuous forces on the search for the ‘ideal’ tooth movement; maxillary expansion (force levels and effects); effects of soft laser on cells; Effects of chronic exposure of electromagnetic fields upon DNA and health; distraction osteogenesis; prevention and interception dentistry; interceptive and corrective Class II and Class III treatments; self-ligating brackets and techniques.